The E1 Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exerts a profound influence on global weather and climate patterns. A great deal of time has been spent and efforts have been made to investigate the phenomenon with benefits in terms of economy, public safety and the environment.In this paper the authors studied ENSO signals and impacts on precipitation and other related elements during summer and autumn. In order to study the relationships between precipitation over the region, ENSO and other circulation patterns especially NAO and AO, several long term climate data sets were obtained.These included the data of 23 precipitating stations and Climate Diagnostic Center (CDC) re-analyzed data and plots. This data covers both surface and multiple-level of atmosphere over the region. Additionally simultaneous correlation and principal statistical and component analysis were used with the reanalysis data to study the tele-connectivity between ENSO, AO, AO, and other tele-connection patterns. The results suggested that precipitation significantly correlated with ENSO in autumn and its amount in ENSO warm phases (E1 Nino) was greater than cold and natural phases.

The season of autumn and all of its elements and phenomenon is one of the vital subjects of nursery rhyme. In this article, the child poets approach and their inspiration in observing the visual attractions, natural and biological capabilities of autumn are pointed out; also the way of using the symbols and legends of autumn is discussed and explained. The results of the research show that some of the autumnal themed poetry that were created in the field of children’s poetry, were affective in creating an emotional-artistic connection; also at introducing the reader to the changes that are happening to the outside world with the arrival of the season. Based on the referred samples of the autumnal poems of nursery rhyme, can be broken down in four different approach categories: the classic, the cognitive, the pictorail and the general approach; and each one of these approaches have their own specific and special natures. The result of the ideology is the general and expressive style that the child poets are benefiting from it.

The season of autumn and all of its elements and phenomenon is one of the vital subjects of nursery rhyme. In this article, the child poets approach and their inspiration in observing the visual attractions, natural and biological capabilities of autumn are pointed out; also the way of using the symbols and legends of autumn is discussed and explained. The results of the research show that some of the autumnal themed poetry that were created in the field of children’s poetry, were affective in creating an emotional-artistic connection; also at introducing the reader to the changes that are happening to the outside world with the arrival of the season. Based on the referred samples of the autumnal poems of nursery rhyme, can be broken down in four different approach categories: the classic, the cognitive, the pictorail and the general approach; and each one of these approaches have their own specific and special natures. The result of the ideology is the general and expressive style that the child poets are benefiting from it.

The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and El Niñ o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are known as the primary modes of large-scale climate variability in the equatorial parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, respectively. The present study has made an effort to analyze interactions of these two oscillations during boreal autumn and the feedback of these interactions on the occurrence of dry or wet periods in Fars province. Cold and warm phases of ENSO (La Niñ a and El Niñ o, respectively) are then classified according to the size of the SOI. Then positive and negative phases of the MJO were defined according to the algebraic sign of the real-time multivariate MJO series 1 (RMM1). Daily values of October-December precipitation data of 9 synoptic stations of Fars province were obtained for the 1974-2013 period. Precipitation amount and the occurrence probability of precipitation were investigated for La Niñ a, El Niñ o MJO positive phase, MJO negative phase and other four combinations of these phases. Since the impacts of ENSO or MJO phases on precipitation variability had been studied previously, the present study mainly motivated to investigate precipitation characteristics for the episodes that El Nino or La Nina events were concurrent with the MJO positive phase (El-P or La-P, respectively) or MJO negative phase (El-N and La-N, respectively). The characteristics of atmospheric circulation and vapor transport over the ocean waters and the Middle East are then investigated to justify the obtained results. Some parameters including precipitation, intensity and occurrence probability of a rainy day were computed for all phases, separately. The ratio between these parameters during opposite phases was computed and spatially mapped to evaluate the effects of the interactions. The results indicated that the frequency of the positive and negative MJO phases is significantly associated with the ENSO condition. Differences between the frequency of the positive and negative MJO phases during the El Niñ o events were found to be insignificant. Contrariwise, during the El Niñ o events, the frequency and occurrence probability of the positive MJO phase are about twice than corresponding statistics during the MJO negative phase. It was found that ENSO and MJO have a significant influence on autumnal precipitation in Fars province. During El Niñ o or negative MJO phase, the mean occurrence probability and intensity of precipitation were significantly greater than the corresponding values during La Nina or positive MJO in Fars. For almost entire parts and for the periods of El Nino, precipitation has significantly enhanced or suppressed during the negative and positive MJO phase, respectively. On the other hand, such differences are not significant when the opposite phases of the MJO have concurred with the La Nina events. Compare to El-P, mean precipitation during El-N has increased by about 300% in the southeast and about 70% in the eastern districts. When the El-N phase has prevailed, the autumnal precipitation intensity has increased about 40-110% and 4-40% over the southern and northern area of Fars, respectively.

Introduction: In the present study, owing to the substantial effect of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) on the activity of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), the focus is on improving the estimation of the influence of the IOD on the MJO-related precipitation variabilities over Iran during the October-to-November (ON) periods which coincide with the peak activity of the IOD. Methods: This is achieved by comparing the corresponding active phases of the Real-time Multi-variate MJO (RMM) and Regionally Modified RMM (RM-RMM) indices during the Positive, Neutral and Negative IOD events, separately. Accordingly, in addition to performing a localized significance test at each grid point, the field significance of these tests was also assessed within the study region, Iran, by using the False Discovery Rate (FDR) method. Findings: The significant positive (negative) differences in the precipitation anomaly and occurrence probability are detected during the phases 8 and 1 (phase 4) of the RM-RMM and RMM indices over some parts of Iran, during the Positive IOD (Negative) IOD event which intensifies the MJO&rsquo, s convection (suppression) and the lower-level convergence (divergence) of the moisture over the western Indian Ocean. However, during the Neutral IOD event no significant precipitation difference between the pertinent phases is observed. These findings suggest that by forecasting the interannual variations in the IOD and anticipating the associated precipitation differences between the equivalent phases of the RM-RMM and RMM indices, there is potential to increase the accuracy of the precipitation forecasts for Iran.

Seasonal and annual precipitation variations are subject to numerous natural and climatic factors such as climate teleconnection indices (CTIs). The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation between CTIs and autumnal precipitation in 30 catchments of Iran. For this purpose, autumnal precipitation data were selected from 717 synoptic, climatological and rain gauge stations over a 28-year (1988– 2015) climate period, and their correlation with eight CTIs including SOI, MEI, NAO, AO, NCP, C-SST, M-SST, and P-SST were obtained in eight-time lags. Finally, their correlation significance were investigated and analyzed. The results showed a significant positive correlation between the MEI (29. 1% to 43. 3% of the western, southern, eastern and northeast watershed stations) and the NAO (29. 4% of the northwest basin stations), While the SOI (23. 3-53. 7 stations of the western, southern, eastern and northeast watersheds) and C-SST (23. 3 of the southeast watershed stations) had significant negative correlation. In terms of the time step, it was found that the Oct-MEI (43. 3% of the stations had a positive correlation) and Aug-SOI (53. 7% of the stations had a negative correlation) had a significant correlation with most of the studied stations. From the watershed point of view, it was found that the frequency of significant correlations in different catchments varied between 10. 9 and 36%. The results of this study show that about 10 watersheds have a significant correlation with more than 30% of CTIs which changes in each watershed. Consequently, the CTIs with different time steps can be used as predictor variables for autumn precipitation in Iran watersheds.

This experiment was conducted in the cultivation year 2007-2008 in the Agricultural Research Station of Isfahan. This experiment had a split-plot layout in the randomize complete block design whit three replication. Factors  included the cut of irrigation in seven stages (D1: normal irrigation or irrigation after 80mm evaporation from class A pan to physiological maturation as an check treatment (D2: Cut of irrigation in stem elongation stage (D3: cut of irrigation in flowering stages, (D4: cut of irrigation in pod production stages,(D5: deletion of irrigation from stem elongation to flowering stage, (D6: deletion of irrigation from stem elongation to pod production stages, (D7: deletion of irrigation from flowering to pod production stage) As main plots and  four Autumn Colza cultivars included Opera, Okapi, Zarfam and Modena as sub-plots. The results showed that the effect of cut irrigation on number of pod in the plant, number of seeds in the pod, the weight of 1000 seeds, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and oil yield were significant P>0.01. According to the results, the most sensitive growth stage of autumnal colza to drought stress were first stem production stage and then flowering stage and finally the early of pod production. According to the obtained results cut of irrigation must be avoided during stem elongation, flowering and pod production but at the water deficient condition Cut of irrigation is more suitable at the end of pod production stage. Cultivar effects were significant, P>0.01, for the number of pod in the plant, number of seeds in the pod, biological yield, harvest index, grain yield and oil yield but the height of the plant and seed oil content were not significant.  Generally, Zarfam with highest weight for 1000 seeds and the most number of pod in plant produced the most grain yield.

Reliable prediction of dry and wet periods is an essential component in competent management of water resources. A more reliable prediction of the climate, pushes the public approach to these predictions further and lowers the disaster costs. Since the (ENSO)1 has recently been introduced as an important predictor for the anticipation of seasonal wet and dry conditions in Iran, the present study evaluates the significance level of such prediction for autumal and sixmonthly (October-march) precipitation using Fisher Exact test. Using the summer time (SOI)3 as the predictor, the significance of the occurrence of meteorological dry and wet conditions during following autumn is investigated. It has been shown that after a strong El, Nifio event in summer (SOI<-5), wet conditions are anticipated for most parts of the country at a 95% significance level. On the other hand, the prediction of dry conditions is not significant for such an event. It has found that the occurrence of normal rather than wet or dry conditions is significant for the eastern coasts of the Caspian Sea as the El Nifio is prevalence. During strong vigorous cold ENSO periods (SOI>5), the occurrence of autumnal dry conditions are significant for most of the studied stations at the 95% level. During such periods the prediction of wet conditions were found to be statistically meaningless for all parts of the country. It is shown that the occurrence of summer EI Nifio leads to the dominance of wet conditions in about half of the studied stations. The prevalence of summer La Nina does not however lead to the wide spread six-monthly drought.

In order to investigate the reaction of canola autumnal species to delayed cultivation, a research study was carried out in Karaj Research Institute of Modification and preparation of sapling and seed in 1385-86. The test was performed with factorial form of random complete block plan with three repetitions consistying of planting time in two levels (10 Mehr& 10 Aban) and numbers in five levels such as: Elite, Opera, SLM046, Orient and Okapi. Each land test consists of 6 lines with 4 meters length and 30 cm gaps. The space of plants is 5 cm that 2 side lines are margins.4 middle lines were contemplated for determination of phonologic plant stages and measurement of some properties such as: numbers of pods in plant, diameter of pods, numbers of pod in shrub, lengths of pod in shrub, number of seeds in pod shrub, weight of thousand seeds, yield of seed, percentage of oil in seed, yield of oil seed. It was observed that all testing properties were reduced in delayed cultivation except the percentage of oil in seed. Consequently, the yield of oil seed in delayed cultivation, that is economically important, showed a significantly reduction.